07.06.2006, 13:55
Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:923–33.
Low dietary potassium intakes and high dietary estimates of net
endogenous acid production are associated with low bone mineral
density in premenopausal women and increased markers of bone
resorption in postmenopausal women
Helen M Macdonald, Susan A New, William D Fraser, Marion K Campbell,
and David M Reid
From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen,
Medical School Buildings, Aberdeen, United Kingdom (HMM and
DMR); the Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and
Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
(SAN); the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Royal Liverpool University
Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom (WDF); and the Health Services Research
Unit, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Aberdeen, United
Kingdom (MKC).
ABSTRACT
Background: The Western diet may be a risk factor for osteoporosis.
Excess acid generated from high protein intakes increases calcium
excretion and bone resorption. Fruit and vegetable intake could
balance this excess acidity by providing alkaline salts of potassium.
Algorithms based on dietary intakes of key nutrients can be used to
approximate net endogenous acid production (NEAP) and to explore
the association between dietary acidity and bone health.
Objective: We investigated the relation between dietary potassium
and protein, NEAP (with an algorithm including the ratio of protein
to potassium intake), and potential renal acid load (with an algorithm
including dietary protein, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, and
calcium) and markers of bone health.
Design: Measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) (n =3226)
and urinary bone resorption markers (n=2929) at the lumbar spine
and femoral neck were performed in perimenopausal and early
postmenopausalwomenaged 54.9+/- 2.2y (x +/-SD) in 1997–1999.
BMD (g/cm2), free pyridinoline (fPYD), and free deoxypyridinoline
(fDPD) were expressed relative to creatinine. Dietary intake was
assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire.
Results: Comparison of the highest with the lowest quartile of
potassium intake or the lowest with the highest NEAP showed a
6–8% increase in fPYD/creatinine and fDPD/creatinine. A difference
of 8% in BMD was observed between the highest and lowest
quartiles of potassium intake in the premenopausal group (n=337).
Conclusions: Dietary potassium, an indicator of NEAP and fruit and
vegetable intake, may exert a modest influence on markers of bone
health, which over a lifetime may contribute to a decreased risk of
osteoporosis.
__________
AmJ Clin Nutr 2004;80:1019 –23.
Fruit and vegetable consumption and bone mineral density: the
Northern Ireland Young Hearts Project
Claire P McGartland, Paula J Robson, Liam J Murray, Gordon W Cran,
Maurice J Savage, David C Watkins, Madeleine M Rooney, and
Colin A Boreham
From the Northern Ireland Center for Food and Health, University of
Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom (CPMcG and PJR); the Department
of Epidemiology and Public Health (LJM and GWC) and the Department of
Child Health (MJS and DCW), Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom;
Rheumatology Department, Musgrave Park Hospital, Belfast, United
Kingdom (MMR); and the School of Applied Medical Sciences and Sports
Studies, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, United Kingdom (CAB).
2 The Young Hearts Project was funded by the Department of Health;
ABSTRACT
Background: Studies examining the relation between bone mineral
density (BMD) and fruit and vegetable consumption during adolescence
are rare.
Objective: Our objective was to determine whether usual fruit and
vegetable intakes reported by adolescents have any influence on
BMD.
Design: BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
at the nondominant forearm and dominant heel in a random sample
of 12-y-old boys (n=324), 12-y-old girls (n=378 ), 15-y-old boys
(n=274), and 15-y-old girls (n=369). Usual fruit and vegetable
consumption was assessed by an interviewer-administered diet history
method. Relations betweenBMDand fruit and vegetable intake
were assessed by using regression modeling.
Results: Using multiple linear regression to adjust for the potential
confounding influence of physical and lifestyle factors, we observed
that 12-y-old girls consuming high amounts of fruit had significantly
higher heel BMD (beta =.037; 95% CI: 0.017, - 0.056) than did the
moderate fruit consumers. No other associations were observed.
Conclusion: High intakes of fruit may be important for bone health
in girls. It is possible that fruit’s alkaline-forming properties mediate
the body’s acid-base balance. However, intervention studies are
required to confirm the findings of this observational study.
Low dietary potassium intakes and high dietary estimates of net
endogenous acid production are associated with low bone mineral
density in premenopausal women and increased markers of bone
resorption in postmenopausal women
Helen M Macdonald, Susan A New, William D Fraser, Marion K Campbell,
and David M Reid
From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen,
Medical School Buildings, Aberdeen, United Kingdom (HMM and
DMR); the Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and
Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
(SAN); the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Royal Liverpool University
Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom (WDF); and the Health Services Research
Unit, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Aberdeen, United
Kingdom (MKC).
ABSTRACT
Background: The Western diet may be a risk factor for osteoporosis.
Excess acid generated from high protein intakes increases calcium
excretion and bone resorption. Fruit and vegetable intake could
balance this excess acidity by providing alkaline salts of potassium.
Algorithms based on dietary intakes of key nutrients can be used to
approximate net endogenous acid production (NEAP) and to explore
the association between dietary acidity and bone health.
Objective: We investigated the relation between dietary potassium
and protein, NEAP (with an algorithm including the ratio of protein
to potassium intake), and potential renal acid load (with an algorithm
including dietary protein, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, and
calcium) and markers of bone health.
Design: Measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) (n =3226)
and urinary bone resorption markers (n=2929) at the lumbar spine
and femoral neck were performed in perimenopausal and early
postmenopausalwomenaged 54.9+/- 2.2y (x +/-SD) in 1997–1999.
BMD (g/cm2), free pyridinoline (fPYD), and free deoxypyridinoline
(fDPD) were expressed relative to creatinine. Dietary intake was
assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire.
Results: Comparison of the highest with the lowest quartile of
potassium intake or the lowest with the highest NEAP showed a
6–8% increase in fPYD/creatinine and fDPD/creatinine. A difference
of 8% in BMD was observed between the highest and lowest
quartiles of potassium intake in the premenopausal group (n=337).
Conclusions: Dietary potassium, an indicator of NEAP and fruit and
vegetable intake, may exert a modest influence on markers of bone
health, which over a lifetime may contribute to a decreased risk of
osteoporosis.
__________
AmJ Clin Nutr 2004;80:1019 –23.
Fruit and vegetable consumption and bone mineral density: the
Northern Ireland Young Hearts Project
Claire P McGartland, Paula J Robson, Liam J Murray, Gordon W Cran,
Maurice J Savage, David C Watkins, Madeleine M Rooney, and
Colin A Boreham
From the Northern Ireland Center for Food and Health, University of
Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom (CPMcG and PJR); the Department
of Epidemiology and Public Health (LJM and GWC) and the Department of
Child Health (MJS and DCW), Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom;
Rheumatology Department, Musgrave Park Hospital, Belfast, United
Kingdom (MMR); and the School of Applied Medical Sciences and Sports
Studies, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, United Kingdom (CAB).
2 The Young Hearts Project was funded by the Department of Health;
ABSTRACT
Background: Studies examining the relation between bone mineral
density (BMD) and fruit and vegetable consumption during adolescence
are rare.
Objective: Our objective was to determine whether usual fruit and
vegetable intakes reported by adolescents have any influence on
BMD.
Design: BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
at the nondominant forearm and dominant heel in a random sample
of 12-y-old boys (n=324), 12-y-old girls (n=378 ), 15-y-old boys
(n=274), and 15-y-old girls (n=369). Usual fruit and vegetable
consumption was assessed by an interviewer-administered diet history
method. Relations betweenBMDand fruit and vegetable intake
were assessed by using regression modeling.
Results: Using multiple linear regression to adjust for the potential
confounding influence of physical and lifestyle factors, we observed
that 12-y-old girls consuming high amounts of fruit had significantly
higher heel BMD (beta =.037; 95% CI: 0.017, - 0.056) than did the
moderate fruit consumers. No other associations were observed.
Conclusion: High intakes of fruit may be important for bone health
in girls. It is possible that fruit’s alkaline-forming properties mediate
the body’s acid-base balance. However, intervention studies are
required to confirm the findings of this observational study.